Ethereum went reside 10 years in the past, bringing programmability and composability to a technological innovation sparked by the appearance of Bitcoin in 2009.
However what does the way forward for Ethereum maintain? It’s a loaded query that’s extremely troublesome to reply given the complexity and decentralized nature of the world’s pioneering smart-contract blockchain protocol.
Cointelegraph just lately traveled to EthCC in Cannes to talk to the brightest minds within the Ethereum group about its present state and the way forward for the protocol amid the rise of extremely aggressive next-generation layer-1 blockchains.
These conversations fashioned the spine of Cointelegraph’s newest mini-documentary: “The Struggle for Ethereum’s Soul.”
The documentary options a number of founders, CEOs and builders within the Ethereum ecosystem together with Ethereum Basis (EF) co-executive director Tomasz Stańczak, Polygon co-founder Sandeep Nailwal, Ethereum France president Jerome de Tychey, Figment co-founder and CEO Lorien Gabel, Dune Analytics co-founder and CEO Fredrik Haga, Polygon Labs CEO Marc Boiron, YAP International co-founder and CEO Samantha Yap and Base head of product Tom Vieira.
The documentary was directed and produced by Cointelegraph’s head of multimedia Gareth Jenkinson, with senior producer Celine Tan.
A decade of dominance underneath menace
Ethereum has dramatically advanced over the previous decade. The blockchain managed to execute a change in consensus algorithm, typically likened to changing the engine of a automobile driving at full pace on a freeway.
The shift from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake basically modified the best way the protocol works. Ethereum parted methods with Bitcoin’s proof-of-work strategy to consensus, rooted in computationally and energy-intensive hashing, to a skin-in-the-game system that requires validators to stake ETH tokens to take care of the community and reap rewards.
Whereas Ethereum initially supplied unbelievable performance, it will definitely encountered the identical issues because the preeminent cryptocurrency protocol. Its base layer chain merely couldn’t serve the wants of the rising variety of customers, functions and providers that arrange on its community.
To allow the power to course of infinitely scalable transactions, the Ethereum group adopted a layer 2-centric strategy to scaling. Execution, from transactions or asset creation, was shifted to a separate infrastructure layer. These layers use unbelievable advances in cryptography, like ZK-proofs, to submit trustless proof of transactions and exercise to Ethereum’s base layer.
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This introduced scale, pace and value reductions to layer 1, however an inevitable consequence was the fragmentation of liquidity and shifting incentives for validators. Charges dropped on the bottom layer, which stays a core incentive for Ethereum validators to take care of the community.
In the meantime, the superior execution environments of layer 2s started to drag liquidity from Ethereum’s base layer. In 2024, grumblings of discontent started to floor.
Distinguished voices referred to as for the EF to intervene and suggest modifications to the protocol that ensured the worth of ETH continues to rise whereas sustaining the advances in UX and UI that layer 2s had supplied.
Altering of the guard
In 2025, the EF made vital modifications to its organisational construction. Tomasz Stańczak and Hsiao-Wei Wang took up a twin position on the high of the Basis, reporting to a braintrust led by Vitalik Buterin.
Pectra, Ethereum’s newest community improve, hit the mainnet in Might. It was essentially the most vital change to the protocol because the Merge in 2022.
Combining the Prague execution layer and Electra consensus layer arduous forks, Pectra launched 11 Ethereum Enchancment Proposals (EIPs) to enhance scalability, person expertise and staking effectivity.
Pectra builds enhancements made by the 2024 Dencun improve, which famously launched Blobs by means of EIP 4844, generally known as proto-danksharding.
Blobs supplied a brand new manner for L2s to publish transaction information on the L1. The affect was dramatic; L2 transaction charges dropped by 90%.
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An unavoidable consequence of this improve was that L2s not paid large charges to choose Ethereum. In keeping with Dune co-founder Fredrik Haga, this was a technological boon, however an financial disadvantage for L1 validators.
“The L2 scenario is fascinating as a result of now 85% of transactions are on L2, so there’s solely 15% left on Ethereum L1, however 85% of the amount nonetheless lives on L1,” Haga stated. “The L1 has very restricted engagement, if you’ll, in like absolutely the quantity. However the massive cash continues to be clearly on L1. Then clearly the L2 used to pay lots to settle to L1. And since blobs have been launched in March 2024, that has principally gone to zero.”
The mixed affect of Dencun in 2024 and Pectra in 2025 has helped the Ethereum ecosystem transfer additional down an intricate improvement roadmap. Stańczak stated unifying liquidity, interoperability and bettering general person expertise has been a high precedence for the Ethereum Basis (EF) over the previous 18 months.
“I feel the massive focus now’s on the interop, on the tooling and the requirements, and accelerating that concept that every one the chains round Ethereum ought to really feel very very similar to a single ecosystem, and it ought to be very pure for the customers to switch between them to make use of all of the functions that simply movement to totally different chains if they should,” Stańczak stated.
“There are clear challenges on presenting how the price construction, information availability and interop mechanics all work collectively. Only a few years in the past, it was actually arduous to foretell how the L2s would evolve. Now we see we’ve got far more readability.”
Jerome de Tychey, the pinnacle of Ethereum France and organizer of EthCC, added that the longer term success of the protocol is a balancing act between prioritizing L1 mechanics and the symbiosis with L2s.
“We’re doing two issues proper now. First, we’re placing some emphasis on the L1, on scalability and on the sustainability of the L2. We’ve loads of consideration in regards to the future efficiency of the safety facet of issues, and likewise of doubtless the token itself, in fact, but additionally upgrading how the person expertise goes to be unfolded within the subsequent years. That’s a really, superb sign that Ethereum goes to be extra accessible from a usability standpoint,” De Tychey stated.
Nonetheless, the balancing act stays a precarious one. How does the Ethereum L1 be sure that validators are incentivized to maintain the community working and keep away from getting right into a efficiency arm-wrestle with new-age layer 1s like Solana, SUI and Aptos?
Polygon Labs CEO Marc Boiron supplied meals for thought, suggesting that any efforts to attempt to compete instantly with Solana, SUI or Aptos is perhaps to the detriment of Ethereum’s future.
“I’m fairly optimistic about it within the sense that it does seem like they’re saying, like, OK, perhaps let’s concentrate on information availability and execution greater than personally I would really like, however with out actually giving up this profit that we’ve got from a settlement perspective,” Boiron stated.
“I feel it’s harmful, proper? In the event that they go down this highway of making an attempt to compete on execution too closely, the chances are they may find yourself getting out-competed by those that try to do the very same factor.”
The subsequent decade
Whereas the amount of criticism was deafeningly loud over the previous yr, conversations at EthCC gave a way of optimism about the way forward for Ethereum.
This optimism just isn’t rooted in fervour however relatively in utility and onchain metrics. Greater than 90% of tokenized real-world property are being constructed on Ethereum.
BlackRock, the world’s greatest asset supervisor, is tokenizing securities on Ethereum.
Robinhood grabbed headlines in Cannes with the launch of its personal Ethereum-based layer 2, squarely geared toward RWA and securities tokenization.
“If you concentrate on DeFi versus TradFi, I’d say completely no likelihood that DeFi won’t dominate all the worldwide markets. Will probably be there. It is going to occur on Ethereum,” Stańczak stated.
De Tychey stated there’s no significant different. “Every thing else is a ghost practice and going within the flawed course, and pushing and lobbying to nonetheless be capable to exist with loads of totally different pursuits, loads of vested pursuits.”
Polygon co-founder Sandeep Nailwal summed issues up succinctly:
“Ethereum obtained dragged into the execution recreation. Whereas Ethereum’s core worth proposition is that this extremely decentralized, sovereign-resistant, permissionless settlement layer. And if Ethereum performs nicely to its strengths and focuses on being the perfect settlement layer, we have already got sufficient community results and the momentum for the entire Web3 world to be created round Ethereum.”
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